Then, after a paste of herbs has been applied on the wound, the thighs of the girl are tied up and she is left lying on a mat for several weeks. Thus, this study suggests that sexual concerns, including the ideals surrounding women’s virginity and morality and men’s virility and pleasure, must be targeted in both medical counselling and preventive interventions. FGM/C is more than a social convention; it encompasses key cultural and personal values related to sexuality and gender roles and relationships. An Overview of Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: Are the Women Beneficiaries or Victims? Female genital mutilation/cutting: a global concern. Reinfibulation refers to suture following deinfibulation and usually birth, intended to restore the previous infibulation state. The Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD) granted ethical approval for this study. Midwifery. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1239838. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris). This resistance centered on two major concerns. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Population-based prevalence data from 30 countries estimate that approximately 200 million girls and women have undergone FGM/C [22]. Given these benefits, infibulated women and their male partners can be expected to prefer medicalized defibulation over painful and time-consuming traditional practices. Participant observations were conducted in various settings in which FGM/C was on the agenda. But perhaps some steps can be taken. Talle A. I was given a 'Sunna' circumcision, which meant skin was cut from around my clitoris, and the tip of my clitoris was removed. INFIBULATION -- Infibulation is the ritual removal of the external female genitalia and the suturing of the vulva, a practice found mainly in northeastern A. "The circumcisers usually use anaesthetic, but they didn't use any on me. To explain his support for reinfibulation despite his negative attitudes toward infibulation, a Sudanese man claimed that infibulated women had to be reinfibulated because the original procedure had destroyed vaginal elasticity, resulting in a post-partum vaginal opening that was too large to provide the vaginal tightness necessary for men’s sexual satisfaction. An operation intermediate between Pharaonic and Sunna circumcision was invented by trained midwives as a compromise between the demands of the government and of their clients. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Sylvia Yeko a décidé de se soumettre à la mutilation génitale féminine (MGF) il y a trois semaines, à l'âge de 26 ans, alors que cette pratique est interdite en Ouganda depuis 2010. Required fields are marked *. Soc Sci Med. There are four types of FGM. By contrast, they enjoyed the ease of bodily functions after marriage and (partial) defibulation. Almost all the women had been subjected to FGM/C, except one Somali and one Sudanese woman. Uncircumcised girls will be called buriya qab by their peers - buriya means "clitoris" and qab means both literally "to hold onto" and more metaphorically "to retain, keep." Funding was provided by the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion through its program for research on FGM/C as part of a national plan of action. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. This ultimately led to the present rather ironic state of affairs, in which those people who practice ritual genital surgery on the periphery of the worldwide distribution - those in Mali and Indonesia, for example - tend to perceive it as a custom which is Muslim, while at the same time excision and infibulation are not practiced in the areas of the Arabian peninsula near Mecca and Medina. 45. While studies ask whether people have negative or positive attitudes toward the practice [11], research has shown attitudes to be both complex and fluid [14–17]. “Pharaonic” refers to Type III FGM/C, highlighting a common belief that the practice originated in Egypt. Initially, she claimed to have “sunna”, which she described as “removing the tip of the clitoris”. The purpose of the practice is usually to preserve virginity until marriage. Furthermore, although reinfibulation is forbidden in Norway, three of the four Sudanese women who had given birth there had experienced pressure to undergo reinfibulation. Infibulation can cause chronic pain and infection, organ damage, prolonged micturition, urinary incontinence, inability to get pregnant, difficulty giving birth, obstetric fistula, and fatal bleeding.[6]. They have also established eight specialized clinics across the country to address the needs of girls and women with FGM/C [48]. In Pharaonic circumcisions, as performed by traditional midwives, the entire clitoris is removed from the base, the labia minora are grasped with the hand and cut off, the inside edges of the labia majora are excised, and then the two sides of the wound are brought together and held together by various substances (egg and cigarette papers in the Eastern Sudan; thorns used as skewers in the Northern Sudan) until they close and heal, forming a smooth area of epidermis over the outside with a midline scar. [Female genital mutilation: generalities, complications and management during obstetrical period]. [1] During a 2014 survey in Sudan, over 80 percent of those who had experienced any form of FGM had been sewn closed. Les risques incluent des saignements sévères, des problèmes urinaires, des infections, la stérilité, un risque accru de décès néonataux et de complications lors de l'accouchement. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). A part of his manhood”. Bibliometric analysis of literature on female genital mutilation: (1930 - 2015). The partial or total removal of the . A cross cultural study of vaginal practices and sexuality: implications for sexual health. Qui sont les 8 personnes sanctionnées par l'UE dans l'est de la RDC et pourquoi ? Obstet Gynecol Int. However, Mackie suggests that change will be slower and more difficult in communities where FGM/C is strongly connected to the modesty code, which we found in both the Sudanese and Somali communities in Norway. In: Registeranalyse. http://www.utrop.no/Nyheter/Innenriks/26627. She was probably regarded as an insider because she spoke fluent Somali and shared the FGM/C tradition. Rather they were used to double-check and as a sounding board for the findings from the interviews. This line of investigation draws heavily upon the work of Garry Mackie [19], whose main theory can be summarized as follows. Pronostic maternel et foetal au cours de l'accouchement chez la femme excisee. When asked directly about why they resorted to penile defibulation rather than medicalized defibulation, many seemingly had not contemplated their reasons for choosing the former. 2004. Bishara Sheikh Hamo est devenue militante anti-MGF après avoir subi de graves conséquences sur sa santé. Springer Nature. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Some have not been defibulated at all, although this paper does not address such cases. La femme enceinte qui s’expose à la chaleur peut mettre en danger la santé du fœtus, 5 techniques simples et scientifiquement prouvées qui vous aideront à vous endormir, Les nonuplés maliens sont de retour au pays, Les États-Unis affirment que l'Iran est désormais le "principal soutien militaire" de la Russie, Pourquoi les soins de santé en Afrique intéressent l'Inde, Le problème des "écolières de Kirkman" qui fascine les mathématiciens depuis 172 ans. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Gruenbaum E. Socio‐cultural dynamics of female genital cutting: research findings, gaps, and directions. #olotufunke #queerfashi, Thick thighs, thin patience 2006;3(2):77–101. Nairobi: UNICEF, Somalia and Somaliland Ministry of Planning and National Development, Somaliland; 2014. It can reduce fear of gossip and judgement if the informants were to reveal experiences and considerations that clash with socio-cultural norms within their communities [51]. Thus, the theories of social convention that inspire many current interventions and ample research seemingly do not capture the sociocultural values upon which the practice hinges. A major concern was that childbirth would result in a gaping vaginal opening that was unable to provide male sexual satisfaction. The most pervasive form of female genital mutilation/cutting—infibulation—involves the almost complete closure of the vaginal orifice by cutting and closing the labia to create a skin seal. Thanks to the offices for migration and integration, UDI and IMDI, especially Katrine Vidme, and the Norwegian Office for Migration (IOM) for granting necessary permissions and providing support for recruitment. Cela incite certaines femmes adultes à se faire exciser. Her way of discussing her type of FGM/C and the opening experience was typical. Med Anthropol Q. Transcultural bodies: female genital cutting in global context. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 2007. Le père de Mme Yeko, Arapkwures Chemegich, qui est opposé aux mutilations génitales féminines, affirme que la législation contre l'excision a créé des "poches de résistance". The opening left in the infibulated scar should be sufficiently small to impede sexual intercourse to fulfill its major function of safeguarding and proving virginity [2–4, 34]. Cureus. Additionally, almost all informants knew about the availability of medicalized defibulation. Female genital cutting: controversies and responses. Pain as a counterpoint to culture: toward an analysis of pain associated with infibulation among Somali immigrants in Norway. Oslo: University of Oslo; 2013. Infibulation is the most extreme form of female circumcision. Putland: Government of Puntland Somalia; 2012. A table presents ages at which the procedure is carried out in different countries. In Sudan, reinfibulation, whereby the two sides of the labia are re-sutured, is a routine post-delivery procedure [41, 42]. 2013;2013:348248. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. This “maintenance” period is also painful, as sexual intercourse occurs despite the presence of open wounds, and infections and bleedings are common [35, 37]. 2016;9(1):29–40. Part of Psychological, social and sexual consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a systematic review of quantitiative studies. Johnsdotter S. Created by God: how Somalis in Swedish exile reassess the practice of female circumcision. A qualitative study of perceptions and experiences of medicalized defibulation among Somali and Sudanese migrants in Norway, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0287-4, www.heart-resources.org/assignment/situaltional-anons-in-Somalia/, http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/poster/frontiers/FR_FinalReports/Kenya_Somali.pdf, http://legeforeningen.no/Fagmed/Norsk-gynekologisk-forening/Veiledere/Veileder-i-fodselshjelp-2014/Kvinnelig-omskjaring-kjonnslemlestelse/, http://www.utrop.no/Nyheter/Innenriks/26627, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Sunna means "tradition" in Arabic, and this form of female circumcision is said to have been recommended by the Prophet; it is also called "Government Sunna." A qualitative study, including interviews and participant observations in Somali and Sudanese communities was conducted in the period 2014–2015. PMC Boulder: Lynne Rienner; 2000. p. 253–82. [9] Tying up the penis with a string was a way of avoiding what was seen as the shameful and dishonorable spectacle of an exposed glans penis, something associated with those without repute, such as slaves and barbarians. ''Nous ne pouvons pas vivre dans un monde où les chiens mangent les enfants". 2020 Aug 18;17(16):5996. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165996. In the 1st century B.C. Cookies policy. RF EYB1TX - Background concept wordcloud illustration of female circumcision glowing . We earn a commission for products purchased through some links in this article. Statens-helsetilsyn. Thanks also to the Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies for an inspiring working environment, including the Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Research team; Mai M. Ziyada, who also run a validation seminar; Inger-Lise Lien; and Ingvild B. Lunde, for inspiring discussions and critical feedback on various versions of the paper. The procedures range in severity, or distortion of the original anatomy, from the subincision practiced in some Australian aboriginal groups, in which the penis is subincised or slit on the underside as far as the urethra, to the mildest form of female "circumcision," practiced in several countries in Africa, in which the prepuce of the clitoris is removed to expose the clitoris itself. BMJ. New York: Berghahan Books; 2010. p. 107–20. The Sudanese informants originated from different regions within northern Sudan, though two had grown up in different neighboring countries. And my husband says also some times, as a compliment, you were tight today.”. They discussed penile defibulation not only as a negative practice and painful experience for both women and men but also as a positive way of proving virility and manhood. Every Sudanese girl is circumcised when she has passed her 6th birthday. The White Lotus s2: are these two stars dating? Google Scholar. That is, if infibulation is no longer of significant importance, no cultural convention should require that women refrain from clinical defibulation. As these values remain strong, they limit the acceptance of medicalized defibulation and thus serve as barriers to health-seeking behaviors in response to complications resulting from infibulation. Eradication of the practice of clitoridectomy and infibulation from Africa has to be accomplished mainly by Africans. Article  While these ideals of penile penetration—as proof of manhood and virility—were often discussed as a thing of the past or as a custom in countries of origin, they were clearly still valued by many informants, particularly Sudanese men. BMC Public Health. Interestingly, values concerning vaginal tightness to ensure male sexual pleasure are not limited to communities practicing infibulation, but found both southern Africa, Asia and western countries [56, 57]. In: Dobash RE, DR P, editors. However, when female informants had only partial openings or refused full defibulation during childbirth, they expressed that retaining a small vaginal opening was important because they considered it a prerequisite for male sexual pleasure. All efforts which are undertaken should be done in the sense of the old medical recommendation: primum non nocere: the most important thing is to do no harm. L'excision féminine, lorsqu'elle consiste en la plus radicale infibulation, peut causer d'horribles cicatrices qui empêchent aussi l'accouchement normal. Cultural Survival envisions a future that respects and honors Indigenous Peoples' inherent rights and dynamic cultures, deeply and richly interwoven in lands, languages, spiritual traditions, and artistic expression, rooted in self-determination and self-governance. [10] In Rome, a fibula was often a type of ring used similarly to a kynodesme. Effects which are specifically psychological have been given much less attention in the literature, probably because such information is much less accessible to foreign health professionals; one of the few by foreigners is that by Leberblad done in the Sudan. Compared with traditional procedures, medicalized defibulation likely reduces pain, risk of infection, and other complications significantly. Dress @jadedldn, ⚡️Unboxing⚡️ just what you need for an eas, After work out stretch, the gym has been good to m, Got my Medusa piercing some days back and I love i, Get ready with me ☺️ recorded this a while ago, “Tell me, The plastic items set to be banned in England, Royal Christmas will be very "different" this year, See Will and Kate's 2022 Christmas card photo, Royal Family Christmas cards through the years, Jacinda just called a male politician a "prick", Cosmopolitan, Part of the Hearst UK Fashion & Beauty Network. He points out that clitoridectomy and infibulation are never practiced without comcomitant male circumcision. A newspaper article reported that 127 women had sought help for FGM/C-problems in 2013 [50], but how many of these women underwent medicalized defibulation is unknown. Genital mutilation of young girls traditionally practiced in militarily significant regions of the world. Due to infections, her reinfibulation never healed. SuperA goes to Baltimore - Take Two. Qual Res Psychol. But it does, and tomorrow, the UK will host the first ever Girl Summit – aimed at ending all forms of FGM and forced marriage (in the UK and worldwide) within a generation. Berg RC, Underland V, Odgaard-Jensen J, Fretheim A, Vist GE. They said it was agonising. 2016;16(1):1. 2002;16(3):312–40. In 1945 the British government outlawed Pharaonic circumcision in the Sudan, and urged the Sudanese to practice "Sunna" circumcision. Data will not be shared. Shell-Duncan B, Wander K, Hernlund Y, Moreau A. Dynamics of change in the practice of female genital cutting in Senegambia: testing predictions of social convention theory. Despite these cultural values, the United Nations define FGM/C as a violation of human rights [1] because of the health risks associated with the practice and because it is almost exclusively performed on minors [1, 5, 6]. Johansen REB, Diop NJ, Laverack G, Leye E. What works and what does not: a discussion of popular approaches for the abandonment of female genital mutilation. In particular, what does the relationship between personal experiences and opinions and the social norms regarding infibulation and its underlying values reveal? Rogala Dorota, Kornowska Joanna, Ziółkowska Mirosława. The zeal with which some health professionals pursue the goal of eradication is born out of their experience with the sequelae of female circumcision as they come to the health care system. We describe a case of infibulation practice . In contrast to the Sudanese emphasis on proving virility through penile defibulation, more Somali informants sought surgical defibulation upon marrying. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 2007. p. 248–77. Beviser jomfrudom ved kjønnslemlestelse. Underreporting partly results from the lack of a uniform definition regarding what constitutes “sunna” as well as clinical evidence suggesting that many women who claim to have sunna FGM/C are infibulated [17]. PubMed  Kynodesmē was seen as a sign of restraint and abstinence, but was also related to concerns of modesty; in artistic representations, it was regarded as obscene and offensive to show a long penis and the glans penis in particular. Ismail EA. However, a whole network of other reasons has grown up and interwoven itself in tribal custom. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Cela ne devrait pas être quelque chose de forcé, ça devrait aller de pair avec l'éducation reçue par les gens", explique M. Chemegich. " Authors Jasmine Abdulcadir 1 , Sandra Marras 2 , Lucrezia Catania 3 , Omar Abdulcadir 3 , Patrick Petignat 2 Affiliations 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Copy. The vaginal opening is reduced by removing all or parts of the external genitalia (the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora) and sewing, pinning, or otherwise causing the remaining tissue to fuse together during the healing process. Delivered to your inbox! Sa cérémonie de circoncision a eu lieu en public. This . Female genital mutilation/Cutting policy. Clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation- female circumcision ritual and its consequences for women's health. Chastity in NYC - by Ms. Payne. The Marxist/feminist viewpoint utilizes the general approach of Godelier in his application of Marxist theory to African settings. Les MGF persistent faute de moyens financiers. Chastity Belt on Statue in Brisbane. Correspondence to Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo; 2006. All four of us went through it on the same day. Soc Sci Med. Reflecting on the relationship between personal convictions and social norms, she was unsure about what had actually been at stake for her husband: “My husband pushed on. The Directorate of IMDi granted specific clearance to allow assisted recruitment of quota refugees and relevant staff. “Sunna” is generally described as less extensive and harmful than infibulation, often as a “minor cut”, but in practice the term is used to refer to any of the four types [30, 32, 33]. Over time, the practice of infibulation became the norm, despite the associated pain and health risks. This bias was particularly pronounced among the Sudanese, several of whom had studied at the university level, both in Sudan and Norway. In: Female “circumcision” in africa: culture, controversy, and change. New York: UNICEF; 2013. Infibulation definition, the stitching together of the vulva, often after a clitoridectomy, leaving a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. Transcultural bodies: female genital cutting in global context. During the sessions, I tell them about my experiences and why we should try and stop harmful practices like FGM once and for all. Cult Health Sex. L'opération a engendré chez elle des règles irrégulières, des infections récurrentes et une incontinence urinaire. Ziyada MM, Norberg-Schulz M, Johansen REB. The study followed the approved ethical procedures, including informed consent in the relevant languages. La pratique des mutilations génitales féminines est concentrée dans 30 pays d'Afrique et du Moyen-Orient. Chastity belt mentioned in literature. There are 3 different types of infibulation, involving removal or mutilation of different parts of the female genitalia. To abandon FGM/C, a sufficiently large group must agree to stop the practice. "I was circumcised at 10 years old. In addition, eight newly arrived Somali quota refugees were included in the study. Article copyright Cultural Survival, Inc. Land Acknowledgement As part of the summit, the Government is asking people to pledge their support through social media with the hashtag #GirlSummit and they have created the world's first "Instagram documentary" in honour of girls affected by child, early and forced marriage and FGM. And he makes clear that the practice of male circumcision in infancy is a radical departure from traditional African practice: "Initiatory circumcision is not the same as its imposition on a helpless infant, to whom it does not offer any advantages, and to whom it is thus undesirable and threatening" . 2005;7(5):429–41. The Girl Summit is helping to drive momentum towards this unique opportunity that we have to end harmful practices such as FGM and child marriage within a generation. These refugees were recruited through the immigration authorities (“new” in Table 1). This has been no less true of Western commentators who have condemned the practice than of relevant governments . This may be because men have had broader sexual experience and/or more time in the West. Johansen REB. Infibulation is the practice of surgical closure of the labia majora (outer lips of the vulva) by sewing them together to partially seal the vagina, leaving only a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. Infibulation Stock Photos and Images. Getting the ethnography ‘right’: on female circumcision in exile. Oslo: NKVTS; 2014. As sexual concerns are a key factor in decisions regarding the continuation or abandonment of FGM/C and the uptake of health services, these issues must be addressed to a significantly higher degree than what is seemingly the case at present. Consequently, families started infibulating their daughters to make them attractive as marriage partners to wealthy men who could provide for them and their children. How, then, can it change? HEART UKAid. Chapter  Data analysis was conducted consecutively and at the end of the data collection when the compiled data were reread repeatedly before systematically analyzed by identifying recurrent themes and patterns, as well as exceptions, through a thematic analysis [54]. The cost is also low at approximately 34 Euro (NOK 320), as medicalized defibulation is offered as part of public health care services. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies To conclude, then, there is a need for broad survey research in many areas of Africa to identify cultural constructs and ideological paradigms about circumcision to further elaboration the bio-medical consequences of female circumcision (such as infertility) and to discover for each society what kind of eradication programs will be effective. Both women and men associated penile defibulation with long-term pain and suffering. Accessed 27 Jan 2017. The couple, who had sought help for infertility, had never had vaginal intercourse, and the woman was still fully infibulated. The settled informants thus differed significantly from the average Somali and Sudanese migrant in sense of higher education and level of employment. Similar trends are identified in Sudan [58]. However, his wife refused to undergo medicalized defibulation, and they eventually divorced. Female genital mutilation/cutting: a statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change. "When I asked my mother why she allowed this to happen to me, she said she did it so I could find a husband. PubMed  When asked whether sexual concerns and the motivation for FGM/C were topic for reflection and discussion in her groups, she was surprised by her own omission. Female circumcision in Africa and beyond: the anthropology of a difficult issue. Instead, many women complained about male values of penetration, and two Somali women said their husbands had expressed relief when they told them that they had a less extensive infibulation, thereby reducing defibulation difficulties. As mentioned, this part of the study identified a strong resistance to premarital defibulation as a perceived threat to values related to women’s virginity and virtue. The most severe grade of intermediate circumcision is nearly indistinguishable from Pharaonic, and involves the removal of the clitoris, anterior parts of the labia minora, and parts of the labia majora, and the stitching together of what is left, leaving an opening of variable size. So, they do some reinfibulation in Somalia also. "Nous n'arrêterons pas la lutte avant la fin des MGF" Moryssanda Kouyate, L'excision et autres mutilations génitales féminine en hausse en Ouganda, Svetlana Jitomirskaya, la mathématicienne à l'origine de la solution au "problème des dix Martinis" de la mécanique quantique. Finally, travel time and cost is also low for most women, as the clinics are located in major cities with the highest concentrations of affected migrant groups [49]. In: Whelehan P, Bolin A, editors. Souvent, il s'agit de couper les lèvres ou le clitoris. R. Elise B. Johansen. ResearchWare, Inc. http://www.researchware.com/. While this function is a potential benefit from medicalized defibulation offerings, the study revealed that the cultural values associated with infibulation formed barriers to health care. 2014. www.heart-resources.org/assignment/situaltional-anons-in-Somalia/. [Problems related to African customs and ritual mutilations]. Most of all, I have to thank the informants, who have given their time, energy and reflection for the data used in the study, as well as my co-interviewer, Fathia Musse, and my discussion partners, midwife Asha Barre and social worker Ebyan Mohamed. These values—women’s virginity and virtue and men’s virility and sexual pleasure—are intimately linked not only to the symbolic value of infibulation but also to the physical extent of the procedure. This paper describes some of the recent work on female circumcision and makes suggestions for further research and eradication efforts. As outlined above, much work and research on FGM/C over the past decade has focused on perceptions of FGM/C as a social convention and norm. Somali informants came from all over Somalia, and one came from a neighboring country. This physical closure has to be re-opened—defibulated—later in life. "Genital mutilation" is the term used by Fran Hosken, the person who has published the greatest number of articles on the subject of ritual genital surgery on women. However, as this and several other studies have found, this change is more often observed on a rhetorical, rather than a practical level, as the extent of FGM/C is not always reduced, even if it is described as such [29, 30]. It also reduces the need for further defibulation when women give birth. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. It is worth exploring whether the sexual concerns addressed here also explain why total abandonment of all forms remains difficult and why the strategy of replacing infibulation with “sunna” seems equally difficult. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0287-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0287-4. Final Report. Discourses and practices relating to this procedure’s acceptance and uptake are used as an empirical entry for studying the continuity and changes in the cultural meaning of infibulation. Although Asha indicated that some form of reinfibulation was practiced, she was the only Somali woman who did so, and she provided no details about it; most others insisted that reinfibulation was unheard of. The informants’ ages ranged from 18 to 65, and most were in their 30s and 40s. This is expected to ease daily functioning of urination and menstruation and to facilitate eventual medical examinations and childbirth. Elle est couramment pratiquée sur les jeunes filles, souvent entre la petite enfance et l'âge de 15 ans. Google Scholar. Privacy We acknowledge that we are headquartered on Massachusett land, in Cambridge, MA, and we thank the past, current, and future Indigenous stewards of this territory. Page 1 of 1. As sexual concerns regarding virility and male sexual pleasure constitute a barrier to the uptake of medicalized defibulation, health care providers need to address sexual concerns when discussing treatment for complications in infibulated women. "Because of my experience, I want to study and become a doctor. Although three other women claimed to have sunna, their subsequent stories included experiences of closure and opening that indicated some extent of infibulation. The larger vaginal orifice often created through medicalized defibulation was seen to jeopardize the tight vaginal introitus regarded as essential for male sexual pleasure. Infibulation involves the almost complete closure of the vaginal orifice by cutting and closing the labia to create a skin seal. Meghan and Harry's complete relationship timeline, Harry hints Meghan did job 'better than William', Zara Aleena's murderer handed prison sentence. To accommodate the health care needs of women with FGM/C, and particularly to reduce the risks of birth complications that affect both mother and child [45], Norwegian health care authorities have developed medical guidelines to encourage defibulation before pregnancy (preferably), during pregnancy, or during childbirth [46, 47]. Your email address will not be published. “You have to be a man to open the lady”, a Sudanese man in his late 30s said, priding himself on his accomplishment. 2016:1–15. [8] In ancient Greece, male athletes, singers and other public performers used a clasp or string to close the foreskin and draw the penis over to one side, a practice known as kynodesmē (literally "dog tie"). : an act or practice of fastening by ring, clasp, or stitches the labia majora in girls and the foreskin in boys in order to prevent sexual intercourse especially : extreme female genital mutilation involving complete excision of the clitoris, labia minora, and most of the labia majora followed by stitching to close up most of the vagina infibulate Experiencing sex in exile—can genitals change their gender? This was rarely presented as the result of failed manhood; instead, this choice was associated with care for the woman’s well-being. However, sufficient anonymous data are presented in the paper to illustrate the findings. [9] Many kynodesmē are depicted on vases, almost exclusively confined to symposiasts and komasts, who are as a general rule older (or at least mature) men. [2] Often called "pharaonic circumcision" in countries where it is practiced, it refers to the removal of the inner and outer labia and the suturing of the vulva. Veileder i fødselshjelp. However, when they married, most couples relied on male penetration rather than surgical defibulation. The husband commonly uses his penis to create this opening. We tried bit by bit. The international encyclopedia of human sexuality. Omar said that he had failed to penetrate his wife, as he did not want to use force and inflict pain on her for fear of ruining their relationship: “If I forced myself on her, she would have suffered. Medicalized defibulation reduces the suffering and risk associated with traditional forms of defibulation. 2004;20:299–311. Infibulation is the predominant form of FGM/C in both countries, with occurrence rates of 87% in Somaliland [23], 85% in Puntland [24] and 82% in Sudan [27]. The informants chose the venue for the interview, including informants’ homes, the researcher’s workplace, the informants’ workplaces, the refugee or social service office, or a public space, such as a coffee shop or a park. Remondino reports a number of other confirmations of the presence of the custom in ancient Egypt. After marrying, the husband traditionally uses his penis or a circumciser uses a knife or razor blade to open this seal sufficiently for sexual intercourse. Jaldesa GW, Askew I, Njue C, Wanjiru M. Female genital cutting among the Somali of Kenya and management of its complications. In some settings, a circumciser or traditional midwife opens the infibulated scar with a knife or razor blade. pp. Learn how your comment data is processed. Selon les Nations unies, 200 millions de filles et de femmes ont subi aujourd'hui une forme de mutilation génitale féminine. He asserts that in pre-industrial African societies the primary resource is labor, and thus the control of production is effectively the same as the control of reproduction. Celles d'entre elles qui ne sont pas excisées ne peuvent pas participer à certaines activités coutumières et sont toujours considérées comme des enfants. Of those with FGM/C, all but one was infibulated. She was admitted for an unknown-provenance fever. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 2007;36:393-8. It also investigates whether surgical defibulation is an accepted medicalization of a traditional procedure or instead challenges the cultural underpinnings of infibulation. Complications may arise. First, a partial opening is made at the time of marriage to enable sexual intercourse and conception.
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