. "The female body is then covered, closed, and its productive blood bound within; the male body is unveiled, opened, and exposed. [156], Whatever the practice's origins, infibulation became linked to slavery. Was your genital area sewn? Complete obstruction of the vagina can result in hematocolpos and hematometra (where the vagina and uterus fill with menstrual blood). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Les mutilations génitales féminines sont des interventions visant à modifier ou à endommager les parties génitales d'une femme ou d'une fille, sans raison médicale. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. When informed of the causal relationship between FGM and ill health, Mackie wrote, the women broke down and wept. Since the late 1990s, CDC has focused on methods to estimate the potential burden of FGM/C in the U.S. L'UNICEF utilise le terme mutilation génitale féminine/excision, tandis que dans ses documents de défense d'intérêts, l'Organisation mondiale de la . Vesicovaginal or rectovaginal fistulae can develop (holes that allow urine or faeces to seep into the vagina). All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. [49], Type IV is "[a]ll other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes", including pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterization. [44] A single hole of 2–3 mm is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid. On estime que 200 millions de femmes et de filles en vie aujourd'hui ont subi des MGF. Pam Belluck, "Group Backs Ritual 'Nick' as Female Circumcision Option" Archived 18 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 6 May 2010. fermate. Terminologie. Les mutilations génitales féminines (MGF) sont une pratique qui consiste à altérer ou léser les organes génitaux de la femme pour des raisons non médicales. "[126], Because of poor access to information, and because circumcisers downplay the causal connection, women may not associate the health consequences with the procedure. [77] There is also a high prevalence of infibulation among girls in Niger and Senegal,[78] and in 2013 it was estimated that in Nigeria three percent of the 0–14 age group had been infibulated. [167] Following complaints, he was required in 1989 to stop practicing medicine in the United States.[169]. In those settings all types of FGM were found to pose an increased risk of death to the baby: 15 percent higher for Type I, 32 percent for Type II, and 55 percent for Type III. After the clitoris has been satisfactorily amputated ... the circumciser can proceed with the total removal of the labia minora and the paring of the inner walls of the labia majora. [f] The more common procedure is Type Ib (clitoridectomy), the complete or partial removal of the clitoral glans (the visible tip of the clitoris) and clitoral hood. Les mutilations génitales féminines sont donc aussi une problématique majeure qui concerne la France et dont le gouvernement en a fait une question de santé publique depuis 2005. Request PDF | Mutilation génitale féminine fatale chez une fille de 10 ans | Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external genitalia . Like FGM, footbinding was carried out on young girls, nearly universal where practised, tied to ideas about honour, chastity, and appropriate marriage, and "supported and transmitted" by women. Les termes utilisés dans les publications médicales incluent mutilation génitale féminine/excision (MGF/E), excision, mutilation génitale féminine, mutilation sexuelle féminine et circoncision génitale féminine. [59] It is not known how many girls and women die as a result of the practice, because complications may not be recognized or reported. [217] In 1996 the Federal Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act made it illegal to perform FGM on minors for non-medical reasons, and in 2013 the Transport for Female Genital Mutilation Act prohibited transporting a minor out of the country for the purpose of FGM. [247] Anthropologist Fadwa El Guindi compared FGM to breast enhancement, in which the maternal function of the breast becomes secondary to men's sexual pleasure. [7] They include the formation of scars and keloids that lead to strictures and obstruction, epidermoid cysts that may become infected, and neuroma formation (growth of nerve tissue) involving nerves that supplied the clitoris. This number was a three-fold increase from a 1997 estimateexternal icon and was largely due to the growing number of U.S. residents from countries where FGM/C is practiced. [72], Questions the women are asked during the surveys include: "Was the genital area just nicked/cut without removing any flesh? Retrieved 9 April 2018. [82] As of 2013, 27.2 million women had undergone FGM in Egypt, 23.8 million in Ethiopia, and 19.9 million in Nigeria. [10] In 2012 the General Assembly passed resolution 67/146, "Intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilations". )[147] The proposed circumcision of an Egyptian girl, Tathemis, is also mentioned on a Greek papyrus, from 163 BCE, in the British Museum: "Sometime after this, Nephoris [Tathemis's mother] defrauded me, being anxious that it was time for Tathemis to be circumcised, as is the custom among the Egyptians. [7] Infibulated women may try to make childbirth easier by eating less during pregnancy to reduce the baby's size. Est la suppression totale ou partielle des organes génitaux externes de la femme pour des raisons non médicales La majorité des filles sont coupées avant l'âge de 15 ans, généralement entre 4 et 11 ans. [q], FGM practitioners see the procedures as marking not only ethnic boundaries but also gender differences. [203][204] UNICEF began in 2003 to promote an evidence-based social norms approach, using ideas from game theory about how communities reach decisions about FGM, and building on the work of Gerry Mackie on the demise of footbinding in China. The vagina is opened for sexual intercourse, for the first time either by a midwife with a knife or by the woman's husband with his penis. [127] The American non-profit group Tostan, founded by Molly Melching in 1991, introduced community-empowerment programs in several countries that focus on local democracy, literacy, and education about healthcare, giving women the tools to make their own decisions. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. [74], Type I is the most common form in Egypt,[75] and in the southern parts of Nigeria. Les mutilations génitales féminines (MGF) autrement connues comme la "circoncision" féminine impliquent des procédures qui comprennent l'ablation [260], WHO (2008): "[There is a] common tendency to describe Type I as removal of the prepuce, whereas this has not been documented as a traditional form of female genital mutilation. [213][214][ag] A Nigerian woman successfully contested deportation in March 1994, asking for "cultural asylum" on the grounds that her young daughters (who were American citizens) might be cut if she took them to Nigeria,[216] and in 1996 Fauziya Kasinga from Togo became the first to be officially granted asylum to escape FGM. : De la tradition aux complications | The traditional custom of ritual cutting and alteration of the genitalia of female is referred to as female . Judaism requires male circumcision but does not allow FGM. These results should be viewed in light of long-term complications, such as obstetric and gynecological problems, and protection of human rights. Estimating the potential burden of FGM/C in the U.S. "An Ancient Ritual and a Mother's Asylum Plea". Religious male circumcision is practised by Muslims, Jews, and some Christian groups. Il est important de comprendre que l'excision constitue une norme sociale. . ENCADRÉ 1. Les mutilations génitales esthétiques sont des opérations chirurgicales pratiquées sur les parties génitales de l'enfant. The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Feature Photography", "Social Norm Change Theorists meet again in Keur Simbara, Senegal", "Egypt Officials Ban Female Circumcision", "Charges Against Doctor Bring Ire and Questions", "Ohio Woman Still Scarred By 'Love' Doctor's Sex Surgery", "Doctor Loses Practice Over Genital Surgery", "Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960", wa Kihurani, Warigia wa Johanna & Murigo wa Meshak 2007, "Kenyan girls taken to remote regions to undergo FGM in secret", "Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist", "A brutal custom: Join forces to banish the mutilation of women", "48/104. [90] According to a 2018 study published in BMJ Global Health, the prevalence within the 0–14 year old group fell in East Africa from 71.4 percent in 1995 to 8 percent in 2016; in North Africa from 57.7 percent in 1990 to 14.1 percent in 2015; and in West Africa from 73.6 percent in 1996 to 25.4 percent in 2017. [7][63] This and other damage to the urethra and bladder can lead to infections and incontinence, pain during sexual intercourse and infertility. [8] Adverse health effects depend on the type of procedure; they can include recurrent infections, difficulty urinating and passing menstrual flow, chronic pain, the development of cysts, an inability to get pregnant, complications during childbirth, and fatal bleeding. Les mutilations génitales féminines sont le prélèvement partiel ou total de tissus des organes génitaux féminins pour des raisons non médicales. L'Afrique a dit "NON" à la mutilation . They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. The Centers for Disease Control's previous estimate was 168,000 as of 1990. Retrieved 28 November 2019. [1][39] The circumciser pulls the clitoral glans with her thumb and index finger and cuts it off. Newsweek. Some states in Sudan banned FGM in 2008–2009, but as of 2013. [129] By August 2019, 8,800 communities in eight countries had pledged to abandon FGM and child marriage. [9], There have been international efforts since the 1970s to persuade practitioners to abandon FGM, and it has been outlawed or restricted in most of the countries in which it occurs, although the laws are often poorly enforced. Les mutilations génitales féminines Les violences sexuelles en contexte de conflit Une hémorragie, autrement dit une perte de sang excessive ; Une anémie sévère due à la perte de sang entraînant une fatigue extrême ; Des difficultés pour uriner ; Des risques d'infections ; Tout cela pouvant entraîner la mort. [81]: 2  Smaller studies or anecdotal reports suggest that various types of FGM are also practised in various circumstances in Colombia, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia,[84][85] Malaysia,[86] the United Arab Emirates,[3] and India, but there are no representative data on the prevalence in these countries. 1.créer des engagements publics d'abandonner les mutilations génitales [o], Surveys have found FGM to be more common in rural areas, less common in most countries among girls from the wealthiest homes, and (except in Sudan and Somalia) less common in girls whose mothers had access to primary or secondary/higher education. Shahira Ahmed, "Babiker Badri Scientific Association for Women's Studies", in Abusharaf 2007, 176–180. [213]: 2  The first FGM conviction in the US was in 2006, when Khalid Adem, who had emigrated from Ethiopia, was sentenced to ten years for aggravated battery and cruelty to children after severing his two-year-old daughter's clitoris with a pair of scissors. [27] According to a nurse in Uganda, quoted in 2007 in The Lancet, a cutter would use one knife on up to 30 girls at a time. Over 200 million women and girls are thought to be living with FGM in those 30 countries. To help the tissue bond, the girl's legs are tied together, often from hip to ankle; the bindings are usually loosened after a week and removed after two to six weeks. [33], Standard questionnaires from United Nations bodies ask women whether they or their daughters have undergone the following: (1) cut, no flesh removed (symbolic nicking); (2) cut, some flesh removed; (3) sewn closed; or (4) type not determined/unsure/doesn't know. [13] In 1975 Rose Oldfield Hayes, an American anthropologist, used the term female genital mutilation in the title of a paper in American Ethnologist,[14] and four years later Fran Hosken called it mutilation in her influential The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females. [250] Despite the 2007 ban in Egypt, Egyptian women wanting FGM for their daughters seek amalyet tajmeel (cosmetic surgery) to remove what they see as excess genital tissue. (French Edition) [Tripathi, Neha] on Amazon.com. [222] In 1999 a woman was given an eight-year sentence for having performed FGM on 48 girls. [k][48] Hanny Lightfoot-Klein interviewed hundreds of women and men in Sudan in the 1980s about sexual intercourse with Type III: The penetration of the bride's infibulation takes anywhere from 3 or 4 days to several months. [184] (Egypt banned FGM entirely in 2007.). Over 200 million women and girls in 27 African countries; This page was last edited on 15 December 2022, at 00:50. The practice's origins are unknown. Standing in front and taking hold of the clitoris with a broad-mouthed forceps in his left hand, the surgeon stretches it outward, while with the right hand, he cuts it off at the point next to the pincers of the forceps. [145][x] (Paul F. O'Rourke argues that 'm't probably refers instead to a menstruating woman. [144] FGM is also practised by animist groups, particularly in Guinea and Mali.[134]. It involved excision (Type II) for girls and removal of the foreskin for boys. La mutilation génitale féminine peut comprendre l'une ou plusieurs des opérations suivantes : ablation du capuchon du clitoris; ablation totale du clitoris, y compris l'excision des petites lèvres de la vulve; ablation totale du clitoris et des tissus adjacents et suture de l'orifice vaginal (infibulation). Since the entire skin on the inner walls of the labia majora has to be removed all the way down to the perineum, this becomes a messy business. [125] Ellen Gruenbaum reported that, in Sudan in the 1970s, cut girls from an Arab ethnic group would mock uncut Zabarma girls with Ya, Ghalfa! [41] In surveys in 2002–2006, 30 percent of cut girls in Djibouti, 38 percent in Eritrea, and 63 percent in Somalia had experienced Type III. The cutter is usually an older woman, but in communities where the male barber has assumed the role of health worker, he will also perform FGM. [197], The Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, founded in 1984 in Dakar, Senegal, called for an end to the practice, as did the UN's World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993. Il est généralement fait entre l'enfance et l'âge de 15 ans, mais les femmes adultes peuvent également subir la procédure. Les filles qui subissent des mutilations génitales féminines font face à des complications à court terme, telles que des douleurs intenses, des saignements excessifs, des infections et des. Have him separate and steady her legs and whole body. In 2003 the African Union ratified the Maputo Protocol on the rights of women, which supported the elimination of FGM. Que sont les mutilations génitales féminines ? According to Colette Gallard, a family-planning counsellor, when FGM was first encountered in France, the reaction was that Westerners ought not to intervene. ", "France reduces genital cutting with prevention, prosecutions – lawyer", "Current situation of female genital mutilation in France", "Female Genital Mutilation in England and Wales", "Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005", "Doctor found not guilty of FGM on patient at London hospital", "Female Genital Surgeries: The Known, the Unknown and the Unknowable", "From Midwives to Doctors: Searching for 'Safer' Circumcisions in Egypt? The multi-site study is planned to be implemented in 2020-21 in up to six U.S. communities with high concentrations of populations from high FGM/C-prevalence countries. The procedure was performed in case the clitoris, or nymphê, grew too large or triggered sexual desire when rubbing against clothing. Reinfibulation can involve cutting the vagina again to restore the pinhole size of the first infibulation. [43], The amputated parts might be placed in a pouch for the girl to wear. Il s'agit le plus souvent d'une ablation totale ou partielle des organes génitaux externes. ", "Secular trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among girls: a systematic analysis", "Why Some Women Choose to Get Circumcised", "Self-reported and observed female genital cutting in rural Tanzania: associated demographic factors, HIV and sexually transmitted infections", "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account", "Female Genital Cutting: A Harmless Practice? When Kenyatta comes Selon l'UNICEF chaque année, elles sont un peu plus de 4millions de filles âgées de moins de 15 ans qui, risques d'être victime de mutilation. [7], The practice is rooted in gender inequality, attempts to control women's sexuality, and ideas about purity, modesty, and beauty. Some 87% of Sudanese women aged between 14 and 49 have undergone some form of. Des sources concordantes signalent que la mutilation génitale féminine (MGF) est toujours pratiquée par certaines communautés togolaises (Nations Unies 20 juin 2006; OMCT 18 avr. [187] She followed up with a chapter, "The Circumcision of Girls", in her book The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World (1980), which described her own clitoridectomy when she was six years old: I did not know what they had cut off from my body, and I did not try to find out. bab.la arrow_drop_down bab.la - Online dictionaries, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar Toggle navigation share [79] The type of procedure is often linked to ethnicity. Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to the practice of purposefully cutting, injuring, or altering female genitalia. 2. A woman's responsibilities toward the tribe began with her initiation. But the worst shock of all was when I looked around and found her standing by my side. C'est pourquoi La Maison des femmes possède une unité de soins dédiée aux mutilations sexuelles féminines.Notre équipe, composée de chirurgiens et de médecins spécialisés, ainsi que de sexologues et de psychologues, propose un parcours de soin dédié aux femmes ayant . That they may fight with the church, (2016). [121] Attitudes are changing slowly. The conference listed FGM as a form of violence against women, marking it as a human-rights violation, rather than a medical issue. The wound is now ready to be stitched or for thorns to be applied. Citing the Australian pathologist Grafton Elliot Smith, who examined hundreds of mummies in the early 20th century, Knight writes that the genital area may resemble Type III because during mummification the skin of the outer labia was pulled toward the anus to cover the pudendal cleft, possibly to prevent a sexual violation. [64], FGM may place women at higher risk of problems during pregnancy and childbirth, which are more common with the more extensive FGM procedures. Statistics for girls under age 15 therefore need to be interpreted with a high degree of caution ...". "The Circumcision Debate: Beyond Benefits and Risks". [3], Prevalence figures for the 15–19 age group and younger show a downward trend. [210] Sweden outlawed FGM in 1982 with the Act Prohibiting the Genital Mutilation of Women, the first Western country to do so. [128] In 1997, using the Tostan program, Malicounda Bambara in Senegal became the first village to abandon FGM. It's prohibited, prohibited, prohibited," Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa said on the privately-owned al-Mahwar network. The reasons for this were unclear, but may be connected to genital and urinary tract infections and the presence of scar tissue. ", "Female genital mutilation in the West: traditional circumcision versus genital cosmetic surgery", "Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study", "Female Genital Mutilation, Fertility Control, Women's Roles, and the Patrilineage in Modern Sudan: A Functional Analysis", "Female genital mutilation survey in Somaliland", "Genitals and ethnicity: the politics of genital modifications", "Female genital mutilation/Female circumcision. [ai], Canada recognized FGM as a form of persecution in July 1994, when it granted refugee status to Khadra Hassan Farah, who had fled Somalia to avoid her daughter being cut. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. In 2010 the American Academy of Pediatrics suggested that "pricking or incising the clitoral skin" was a harmless procedure that might satisfy parents, but it withdrew the statement after complaints. [256] Arguments have been made that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys, also violates children's rights. They are reported as being uncut but are still at risk of undergoing the procedure. [231] Performing FGM on children or adults was outlawed under the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985. Bien que les mutilations génitales féminines soient illégales dans de nombreux pays, elles sont encore pratiquées régulièrement dans certaines régions d'Afrique, d'Asie et du Moyen-Orient, ainsi. WHNS will assess the extent to which FGM/C affects women in these communities, women’s attitudes about continuance of the practice, and their health experiences. [226][227] In 1991 a French court ruled that the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees offered protection to FGM victims; the decision followed an asylum application from Aminata Diop, who fled an FGM procedure in Mali. Les mutilations génitales féminines (ou MGF) désignent l'ablation rituelle des organes génitaux externes féminins, telles que l'excision, l'infibulation ou la circoncision. [61], Painful periods are common because of the obstruction to the menstrual flow, and blood can stagnate in the vagina and uterus. WHO 2008: "Some practices, such as genital cosmetic surgery and hymen repair, which are legally accepted in many countries and not generally considered to constitute female genital mutilation, actually fall under the definition used here. A Activism against female genital mutilation ‎ (3 C, 8 F) C Circumcised vulvas ‎ (3 F) F FGM maps and graphs ‎ (1 C, 39 F) T Les organes génitaux externes de la femme sont perçus comme sales, laids ou impurs. [ae], In December 1993, the United Nations General Assembly included FGM in resolution 48/104, the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, and from 2003 sponsored International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation, held every 6 February. [4] Over 80 percent (of those cut) are cut before the age of five in Nigeria, Mali, Eritrea, Ghana and Mauritania. Somalia is the worst country in Africa when it comes to Female Genital Mutilation. La mutilation génitale féminine, un sort intergénérationnel de 14 mai 2020 24 avril 2022 Indonésie , Société / Culture On estim e que 60 millions de femmes indonésiennes ont subi es des mutilations génitales, une pratique dangereuse et douloureuse qui ne présente aucun avantage pour la santé de la femme ( Budiharsana s. d.). "[ab] Another Greek physician, Aëtius of Amida (mid-5th to mid-6th century CE), offered more detail in book 16 of his Sixteen Books on Medicine, citing the physician Philomenes. Mutilation Sexuelle Féminine : Les mutilations sexuelles féminines désignent toutes les interventions aboutissant à une ablation partielle ou totale des organes génitaux externes de la femme ou toute autre mutilation de ces organes pratiquée pour des raisons culturelles ou autres et non à des fins thérapeutiques (OMS 1997). [17] In the Bambara language, spoken mostly in Mali, it is known as bolokoli ("washing your hands")[18] and in the Igbo language in eastern Nigeria as isa aru or iwu aru ("having your bath"). [7], Common short-term complications include swelling, excessive bleeding, pain, urine retention, and healing problems/wound infection. [d] The most common procedures fall within the "cut, some flesh removed" category and involve complete or partial removal of the clitoral glans. Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.”1(p.1) These procedures could mean piercing, cutting, removing, or sewing closed all or part of a girl’s or woman’s external genitals. [165] According to a 1985 paper in the Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, clitoridectomy was performed in the United States into the 1960s to treat hysteria, erotomania and lesbianism. [186] The Egyptian physician and feminist Nawal El Saadawi criticized FGM in her book Women and Sex (1972); the book was banned in Egypt and El Saadawi lost her job as director-general of public health. [v] Christian missionaries in Africa were among the first to object to FGM,[141] but Christian communities in Africa do practise it. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Regardez Mutilation génitale féminine au Burkina Faso La chirurgie intime pour réparer les victimes - Lefaso TV sur Dailymotion Another BBSAWS workshop in 1984 invited the international community to write a joint statement for the United Nations. [230] By 2014 over 100 parents and two practitioners had been prosecuted in over 40 criminal cases. L'excision est une vielle pratique qui a longtemps été perçu comme un acte purificateur. Female genital mutilation is classified into 4 major types: Type 1: this is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans (the external and visible part of the clitoris, which is a sensitive part of the female genitals), and/or the prepuce/ clitoral hood (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoral glans). [r], Surveys have shown a widespread belief, particularly in Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, and Egypt, that FGM is a religious requirement. (eds.). [198] Throughout the 1990s and 2000s governments in Africa and the Middle East passed legislation banning or restricting FGM. female genital mutilation or cutting (fgm/c) is defined by the world health organization (who) as "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." 1 (p.1) these procedures could mean piercing, cutting, removing, or sewing closed all or part … Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision,[a] is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. Because of that, the issue of circumcision should not be forced. Le terme de mutilation sexuelle est aujourd'hui adopté de préférence à celui de mutilation génitale tant par les organismes internationaux que par l' Académie nationale de médecine 1 . [119], Common reasons for FGM cited by women in surveys are social acceptance, religion, hygiene, preservation of virginity, marriageability and enhancement of male sexual pleasure. [61] Cervical evaluation during labour may be impeded and labour prolonged or obstructed. Selon la définition de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), les mutilations génitales féminines sont «des interventions qui altèrent ou lèsent intentionnellement les organes génitaux externes de la femme pour des raisons non médicales». Request PDF | La mutilation génitale féminine. A 2014 systematic review of 56 studies suggested that over one in ten girls and women undergoing any form of FGM, including symbolic nicking of the clitoris (Type IV), experience immediate complications, although the risks increased with Type III. Mackie cites the Portuguese missionary João dos Santos, who in 1609 wrote of a group near Mogadishu who had a "custome to sew up their Females, especially their slaves being young to make them unable for conception, which makes these slaves sell dearer, both for their chastitie, and for better confidence which their Masters put in them". 131 (4): 801–4. [161], Isaac Baker Brown, an English gynaecologist, president of the Medical Society of London and co-founder in 1845 of St. Mary's Hospital, believed that masturbation, or "unnatural irritation" of the clitoris, caused hysteria, spinal irritation, fits, idiocy, mania, and death. Ainsi, en France, au milieu des années 2000, [135] It is praised in a few daʻīf (weak) hadith (sayings attributed to Muhammad) as noble but not required,[136][t] although it is regarded as obligatory by the Shafi'i version of Sunni Islam. [29][3], The WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA issued a joint statement in 1997 defining FGM as "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons". Les mutilations génitales féminines ( MGF ), ou excision ( MGF/E ), désignent l' ablation totale ou partielle des organes génitaux féminins externes. "Cultural Bias and Circumcision: The AAP Task Force on Circumcision Responds". [13], In countries where FGM is common, the practice's many variants are reflected in dozens of terms, often alluding to purification. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. In Somalia, FGM is no longer practiced as a rite of passage. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Jana Meredyth Talton, "Asylum for Genital-Mutilation Fugitives: Building a Precedent", "Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of 'Cultural Practices, Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, United States Agency for International Development, Religious views on female genital mutilation, Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research, Female genital mutilation laws by country, Campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya, Babiker Bedri Scientific Association for Women's Studies, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Mid-Decade Conference on Women, Copenhagen, Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices, "Somaliland's leading lady for women's rights: 'It is time for men to step up'", Babiker Badri Scientific Association for Women's Studies, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation, Female genital mutilation in the United States, Female genital mutilation in the United Kingdom, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985, Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, "Frequently Asked Questions on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting", "New study shows female genital mutilation exposes women and babies to significant risk at childbirth", "Female genital mutilation/cutting: a call for a global response", "Reproductive health profile and circumcision of females in the Hali semi-urban region, Saudi Arabia: A community-based cross-sectional survey", "Survey on female genital mutilation/cutting in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia", "FGM rates in east Africa drop from 71% to 8% in 20 years, study shows", "Stephanie Walsh. Retrieved 1 November 2018. Mutilation génitale féminine : Une approche humaniste. Pratique. [122] In several surveys since 2006, over 50 percent of women in Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Gambia, and Egypt supported FGM's continuance, while elsewhere in Africa, Iraq, and Yemen most said it should end, although in several countries only by a narrow margin. From 1966 until 1989, he performed "love surgery" by cutting women's pubococcygeus muscle, repositioning the vagina and urethra, and removing the clitoral hood, thereby making their genital area more appropriate, in his view, for intercourse in the missionary position.
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